Emission control systems in automobiles are used to limit the discharge of hazardous gases from the internal combustion engine and other components.
Emissions
are essentially chemicals in exhaust gases that are detrimental to air quality, primarily carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NO). Well-maintained engines produce lower emissions and older or unhealthy engines generate more. Some engine designs, such as rotary engines, for example, produce more specific emissions than others.The three types of automotive emissions are evaporative emissions, refueling losses and exhaust emissions.It is noteworthy that the car does not always need to be running to emit emissions. Vehicle emission control is the study of reducing emissions produced by motor vehicles, particularly internal combustion engines.
Emission
control starts with the exhaust manifold. Connected directly to the engine block, it collects exhaust gases from all cylinder chambers and channels them to the catalytic converter.Engine noises are reduced in the manifold, the air-fuel ratio is checked and the heated exhaust gases begin to cool. Manipulation has a direct effect on regulated emissions and can also affect unregulated emissions. Not only will we ensure that the vehicle meets emission standards, but we will also guarantee that the vehicle works well and that no hazardous gases enter the cabin.However, conditions that would allow for zero emissions exist only in an ideal world and are in stark contrast to the typical combustion process of an engine. FTP NO x emissions show a decrease with cumulative mileage in the General Motors and Mercedes-Benz groups, but there are no changes for the Volkswagen group.
Table 8 of the National Research Council (1983b) shows a summary of regulated emissions from light vehicles. In short, the EU forms the policy (setting limits such as the European emissions standard) and member states decide how best to implement it in their own country.Air injection is now used to support the oxidation reaction of the catalytic converter and to reduce emissions when an engine is started from a cold state. To make the United States less dependent on imported petroleum fuels, there is interest in using methanol in diesel-powered passenger cars and buses. The impact of changing fuel on emissions depends on its duration and certain vehicle characteristics, but emissions increases of 4.75 percent for HC and 425 percent for CO can easily occur (Greco 198).
Controlling RVP in motor gasoline, an approach successfully applied in California, is generally necessary to control evaporative field emissions. In the case of electricity, most power plants produce emissions, and there are additional emissions associated with the extraction, processing and distribution of the primary energy sources they use to produce electricity.Summary of Analytical Methods for Characterizing Unregulated Emissions from Spark-Ignition and Compression-Ignition Engines. Although the overall trend in emissions is downward, some vehicles have high levels of emissions, as shown in Figure 6, probably due to electronic problems rather than catalyst removal or lack of fuel problems. The question of whether car manufacturers should test with a worst-case RVP test fuel or with a typical fuel needs to be further studied.In the period from 1975 to 1984, fuel economy was increased and emissions control was improved by exploiting the high HC and CO removal efficiency of the oxidizing catalytic converter, so that engine calibration could be optimized for greater efficiency.
Emissions and fuel economy are interrelated because both are influenced by the design of the engine's combustion system.
